| 李红兵.非洲刚果(金)卡莫阿-卡库拉铜矿地质特征与成因探讨[J].地质找矿论丛,2025,40(3):420-432 |
| 非洲刚果(金)卡莫阿-卡库拉铜矿地质特征与成因探讨 |
| Discussion on the Geological Characteristics and Genesis of the Kamoa-Kakula Copper Deposit in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Africa |
| 投稿时间：2025-04-13 修订日期：2025-09-21 |
| DOI：10.6053/j.issn.1001-1412.2025.03.016 |
| 中文关键词: 卡莫阿-卡库拉铜矿 中非铜(钴)矿带 卢菲利安弧 冰碛砾岩 裂谷盆地 矿床成因 成矿模式 |
| 英文关键词:Kamoa-Kakula copper deposit central African copper (cobalt) belt Lufilian arc glacial grand conglomerate rift basin mineralization genesis metallogenic models |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 卡莫阿(Kamoa)-卡库拉(Kakula)铜矿是世界第四大铜矿，也是非洲最大的高品位铜矿。但其地质特征在中非铜(钴)矿带中较为特殊，产出于卢菲利安(Lufilian)造山带的前陆盆地区域，这与产于褶皱推覆带的其它大型铜(钴)矿有诸多不同之处。前人在相关文献中对此矿床的地质特征论述相对简略，仍需对矿床的成矿机理进行深入研究。本文详细介绍了卡莫阿-卡库拉铜矿的地质特征，并结合区域构造演化，对其矿床成因进行了初步探讨。卡莫阿-卡库拉铜矿的主要赋矿层位是恩古巴群的冰碛砾岩，矿体以宽缓背斜相协调的层状形式产出，根据矿层连续性分为北部的卡莫阿矿段和南部的卡库拉矿段。卡莫阿矿段以黄铜矿矿化为主，而卡库拉矿段以辉铜矿矿化为主，且高品位赋矿部位也有区别。本文认为卡莫阿-卡库拉矿床成因主要与新元古代大陆裂谷盆地的持续发育有关，深部含矿热液沿裂谷期同沉积断层向上运移，与Sturtian冰期的冰川剥蚀物一同沉积形成松散沉积物，经压实成岩和区域变质作用，含铜硫化物围绕冰碛角砾岩或碎屑沉积物间空隙结晶析出成矿，后期经历了轻微改造(氧化作用)形成了卡莫阿-卡库拉大型铜矿床。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| The Kamoa-Kakula copper mine is the world’s fourth-largest copper mine and the largest high-grade copper mine in Africa. However, its geological features are relatively unique in the Central African copper (cobalt) ore belt, occurring in the foreland basin area of the Lufilian orogenic belt, and have many differences from other large copper (cobalt) deposits occurring in fold and thrust belts. Previous studies on the geological characteristics of this deposit have been relatively brief in the relevant literature, and further research is still needed on the mineralization mechanism of the deposit. The paper provides a detailed introduction to the geological characteristics of the Kamoa-Kakula copper deposit and, in combination with regional tectonic evolution, preliminarily explores its genesis. The main mineralization layer of the Kamoa-Kakula copper deposit is the 'Grand Conglomerate', which is glacial (Sturtian) and post-glacial deposits of the Nguba Group. The mineralization layer coordinates with the broad and gentle anticline of the Nguba Group layer. According to the continuity of the mineralization, the mine is divided into two sections: the Kamoa section in the north and the Kakula section in the south. The dominant copper minerals at Kamoa are chalcopyrite, while at Kakula, they are chalcocite, with slight differences in the high-grade position. The genesis of the mineralization is considered to be mainly related to the continental rift and the continuous development of the Neoproterozoic era. The metallogenic mechanism of the Kamoa-Kakula deposit is thought to be that the deep magma source hydrothermal fluid migrated upward along the syn-sediment faults, which control rift basin extension, and mixed with glacial erosion material in the Sturtian Ice Age, deposited and formed loose sediment layers containing copper-rich fluid, finally, after compaction and regional metamorphism, copper minerals crystallized and disseminated in the rock layers, and underwent slight transformation (oxidation) in the subsequent geological history, then formed the copper deposit. |
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